Fluorescent Magnetic Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

such as cancer, at the single cell or tissue level [9,10]. Recently, nanoparticles made of RE oxides have been investigated as emerging materials for fluorescent labeling [11-13], due to their large stokes shift, sharp emission spectra, long lifetime and flexibility of excitation wavelengths. As RE oxides are used as commercial phosphors, it can be predicted that biological labels based on these materials will have better photo-stability than the commercially available polystyrene nanoparticles doped with lanthanide chelates.